

April 13. On this date in 1983, the Universal House of Justice [wrote](https://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance_2&chapter=4#n1458) the NSA of Brazil  "the Local Spiritual Assembly, it is indeed a divine institution, created by Bahá'u'lláh in His Kitab-i-Aqdas as the Local House of Justice."


>[1458. Bahá'ís Must Be Loyal to Their Spiritual Assembly and at the Same Time to Civil Government, Whether Tribal Council, a Cacique or a Municipal Authority](https://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance_2&chapter=4#n1458)

> "As to your query about the Local Spiritual Assembly, it is indeed a divine institution, created by Bahá'u'lláh in His Kitab-i-Aqdas as the Local House of Justice. Abdu'l-Bahá has clearly set out its provenance, authority and duties and has explained the differences between it and other administrative institutions, whether of the past or the present. We refer you to the book 'Selections from the Writings of Abdu'l-Bahá', sections 37, 38, and 40.

> "It is clear that while Local Spiritual Assemblies must supervise all Bahá'í matters in their areas, including arrangement for the Nineteen Day Feast, the observance of the Holy Days, the election of the members of the Assembly, promoting the teaching work, caring for the spiritual welfare and Bahá'í education of the friends and children, etcetera, they and the friends themselves must at the same time be good citizens and loyal to the civil government, whether it be a Tribal Council, a Cacique or a municipal authority.

> "In another national community, where the number of believers had increased to the point where the population of some villages had become 100% or almost 100% Bahá'í, the House of Justice upheld the above principles and stated that in each such village, while they should elect their Local Spiritual Assembly, they should continue to elect the local Council as required by the Government, and the functions of these two bodies should be kept distinct, even if their memberships were identical."

> (From a letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice to the National Spiritual Assembly of Brazil, April 13, 1983)

On March 16, 1900, the nascent Chicago Bahá'í community selected a ten-member Board of Council. Neither Ibrahim George Kheiralla nor any of his supporters were selected to serve on the Board. 

On May 15, 1901, the Chicago Bahá'ís elected a nine-man Board  of Council for a term of five years. 

On May 20, 1901, the number of members on the Board of Council was raised to 12.  On May 24, 1901, the name of the Chicago Board  of Council was changed to the [House of Justice](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-adl-house-of-justice-a-bahai-administrative-institution).

One year later, on May 10, 1902, on the request  of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, the all-male Chicago [House of Justice](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-adl-house-of-justice-a-bahai-administrative-institution) changed its name to the [House of  Spirituality](https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/notes/vol2/chs.intro.html). The body remained all-male.  The Chicago House  of Spirituality was complemented by the [Women’s Assembly of Teaching](https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/docs/vol3/wmnuhj.htm).

In 1909, at the first American Bahá'í National Convention in Chicago, [Bahá'í Temple Unity](https://bahaikipedia.org/Bah%C3%A1%E2%80%99%C3%AD_Temple_Unity) was incorporated to hold title to the Temple property and to provide for its construction. Women are allowed to serve on this body. A constitution was framed and an Executive Board of the Bahá'í Temple Unity elected.

In 1922, on the instructions of Shoghi Effendi, [Bahá'í Temple Unity](https://bahaikipedia.org/Bah%C3%A1%E2%80%99%C3%AD_Temple_Unity) was renamed the National [Spiritual Assembly](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mahfel-e-ruhani) of the United States and Canada.

On February 25, 1902, [Corinne True wrote 'Abdu’l-Bahá](http://bahai-library.com/stockman_true) about the exclusion of women from the Chicago Bahá’í governing body, Chicago [House of Justice](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-adl-house-of-justice-a-bahai-administrative-institution), noting that "many" felt it should be a "mixed board" because "women in America stand so conspicuously for all that is highest & best in every department." In his response 'Abdu’l-Bahá stated that while "in the sight of God, the conduct  of women is the same as that  of men" and there was "no difference" between the sexes, nevertheless the "[House of Justice](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-adl-house-of-justice-a-bahai-administrative-institution)" had to consist only of men and that the "reason will presently appear, even as the sun at midday."  True accepted 'Abdu’l-Bahá’s ruling–which also affirmed the equality of the sexes–and poured her energy into the Chicago Bahá’í women’s organization, which 'Abdu’l-Bahá highly praised. For the next eight years Chicago had two parallel Bahá’í organizations, one confined to men, the other to women.

On November 30, 1930, Shoghi Effendi [wrote](https://bahai-library.com/uhj_messages_1986_2001#201.7a) "In fact Bahá’u’lláh clearly states that affairs of state as well as religious questions are to be referred to the Houses  of Justice into which the Assemblies  of the Bahá’ís will eventually evolve."

>Regarding the question raised in your letter, Shoghi Effendi believes that for the present the Movement, whether in the East or the West, should be dissociated entirely from politics. This was the explicit injunction of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. . . . Eventually, however, as you have rightly conceived it, the Movement will, as soon as it is fully developed and recognized, embrace both religious and political issues.  In fact Bahá’u’lláh clearly states that affairs  of state as well as religious questions are to be referred to the  Houses of Justice into which the Assemblies of the Bahá’ís will eventually evolve."

> (30 November 1930)

On October 5, 1950, Shoghi Effendi [wrote](http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance&chapter=1#n270) that "the Assembly is a nascent House  of Justice."

>[270. Assembly is a Nascent  House of Justice--Individuals Toward Each Other Governed by Love, Unity, etc.](http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance&chapter=1#n270)

 > "...There is a tendency to mix up the functions  of the Administration and try to apply it in individual relationships, which is abortive, because **the Assembly is a nascent House  of Justice** and is supposed to administer, according to the Teachings, the affairs of the community. But individuals toward each other are governed by love, unity, forgiveness and a sin-covering eye. Once the friends grasp this they will get along much better, but they keep playing Spiritual Assembly to each other and expect the Assembly to behave like an individual...."

> (From a letter written on behalf  of the Guardian to an individual believer, October 5, 1950: Living the Life, p. 17)

**When today's Local and National Spiritual Assemblies become local and national Houses  of Justice, their membership will once again become [exclusively male](http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/bhwmhous.htm).**

 


 

April 13. On this date in 1983, the UHJ wrote the NSA of Brazil  "the Local Spiritual Assembly, it is indeed a divine institution, created by Bahá'u'lláh in His Kitab-i-Aqdas as the Local House of Justice."