Can you enter a PhD in Europe straight from a Bachelor’s (without a Master’s)?

Hi everyone,

I recently graduated with a BSc in Electrical Engineering (4-year degree) from a university in Iran (among top 10 in my country), and I’m planning to apply for PhD programs in Europe for Fall 2026.

I know that in many European countries a Master’s degree is the standard pathway to a PhD, but I’ve also heard of “fast-track” or “direct” PhD routes in certain places (especially in the UK, Germany, or others) for exceptional candidates.

My questions:

1. Which European countries / universities actually allow direct PhD admission from a Bachelor’s (without requiring a completed Master’s)?
2. What are the usual criteria or conditions for this (GPA, research experience, publications, extra coursework, bridging year, etc.)?
3. Are there known examples or programs where someone has succeeded in this route (especially in EE / engineering)?
4. Even if direct admission is rare, is it better to apply for a short Master’s first (in Europe) and then transition to PhD?

My background:

• Good grades in EE core courses
• Some research / project experience
• I’m open to doing extra coursework if needed

Thanks in advance for any guidance, experience, or links to program pages!