Francesco Carotta’s theory links the Christian cross to Caesar’s tropaeum, original  a rotating war monument that, according to him, linguistically and ritually evolved into Christ’s cross. This hypothesis fits into his broader claim that the Gospel of Mark is a distorted biography of Julius Caesar, with parallels in events, names, and symbolism.

https://dejister.wordpress.com/2026/02/14/the-contorted-arm-of-christ-in-matthias-grunewalds-painting/