SIGNIFICANT F-RATED EUROPEAN TORNADOES, RECLASSIFIED ON THE INTERNATIONAL FUJITA (IF) SCALE.

*Based on my personal analysis.

[1]

Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany F4

July 11, 1936

Revised Rating: IF4 – 380 km/h

DI Description: A factory composed of 50-centimeter-thick unreinforced chamotte (burnt

clay) walls was partially, if not near-

completely, leveled in Düsseldorf.

BSD | DOD2 → IF4 380 km/h

[2]

Páty-Caobánka-Vác, Pest Vármegye, Hungary F4

June 13, 1924

Revised Rating: IF4 – 380 km/h

DI Description: A structurally sound masonry structure with relatively thick walls sustained significant damage near Páty (>2/3 of structure leveled).

BSD | DOD2 → IF4 380 km/h

[3]

Wiener Neustadt, Niederösterreich, Austria F4

July 10, 1916

Revised Rating: IF5 – 470 km/h

DI Description: An exceptionally well-reinforced factory in Wiener Neustadt, composed of ~1-meter-thick walls, was partially collapsed.

BSF | DOD1B → IF5 470 km/h

[4]

Montville, Seine-Maritime, France F5

August 19, 1845

Revised Rating: IF5 – 470 km/h

DI Description: The Picquot-Deschamps Spinning Mill (alternatively known as the Piquot Spinning Mill), a 3-story, incredibly well-reinforced structure, was leveled to the ground near Montville.

BSF | DOD2 → IF5 470 km/h

[5]

Gødvad-Kattrup, Silkeborg, Denmark F4

September 6, 1882

Revised Rating: IF4 – 380 km/h

DI Description: Six half-timbered oak homes (composed of a structurally stable wood framing and unreinforced brick masonry) were completely flattened to the ground.

BSC | DOD2 → IF4 380 km/h

[6]

Novska, Sisak-Moslavina, Croatia F4

May 31, 1892

Revised Rating: IF4 – 380 km/h

DI Description: Multiple stationary train cars were impacted by the tornado, the last car of which was decoupled and thrown approximately 30 meters. This train car weighed 14 tons and is assumed to have been lofted 6 meters into the air.

TCS | DOD1 → IF4 380 km/h

[7]

L'Abbaye, Vaud, Switzerland F4

October 18, 1971

Revised Rating: IF3 – 290 km/h

DI Description: Multiple vehicles were lofted and displaced well over 10 meters, with instances of mangling noted (one such mangled vehicle is in the background of this image).

VHC | DOD4 → IF3 290 km/h

[8]

Lublin, Województwo Lubelskie, Poland F4

July 20, 1931

Revised Rating: IF5 – 470 km/h

DI Description: A slaughterhouse with exceptionally thick, moderately reinforced masonry walls was completely razed to the ground near Lublin.

BSE | DOD2 → IF5 470 km/h

[9]

Ivanovo, RU-IVA F4

June 9, 1984

Revised Rating: IF5 – 470 km/h

DI Description: An ~710,000 LB crane was lofted and displaced by the tornado, with significant damage sustained to the toppled structure. A water tank weighing ~110,000 LBS (originating from the same area) was lofted and thrown 200 meters. Near the Volga River, multiple steel water containers capable of holding 40,000 U.S. gallons were displaced 1 km.

DI: Other (O) → IF5 – 470 km/h

*The closest applicable DI for the toppled crane (the primary indicator for an IF5 rating) is CRT DOD2, which applies to cranes of significantly smaller dimensions than the crane toppled by the tornado. Based on the extreme nature of this event, an IF5 rating could also potentially be applied using the CRT DOD2 DI.

[10]

Woldegk, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany T11

June 29, 1764

Revised Rating: IF5 – 470 km/h

DI Description: All but the bottom story of an exceptionally well-constructed, properly reinforced, multi-story mansion was completely swept away, with debris scattered a significant distance.

BSF | DOD1B → IF5 470 km/h

[11]

Hainichen, Sachsen, Germany F5

April 23, 1800

Revised Rating: IF5 – 470 km/h

DI Description: A moderately well-constructed, masonry-style mansion of a substantial size was completely swept except for the vaulted kitchen, in which the family of the mansion survived.

BSE | DOD2 → IF5 470 km/h

[12]

Podolsk-Moscow, RU-MOS F4

June 29, 1904

Revised Rating: IF4 – 380 km/h

DI Description: The elevator of the Ryazan Railway, likely a load-bearing masonry structure, suffered collapse under the winds of the tornado.

BSD | DOD2 → IF4 380 km/h

[13]

La Redorte-Homps, Aude, France F4

August 13, 1887

Revised Rating: IF4 – 380 km/h

DI Description: Multiple London Plane Trees (an incredibly resilient and strong-rooted tree species) were described as being uprooted or "chopped into pieces" (suggesting the presence of debarking).

TRS | DOD8 → IF4 380 km/h

[14]

Pforzheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany F4

July 10, 1968

Revised Rating: IF3 – 290 km/h

DI Description: Multiple vehicles were lofted and displaced significant distances (>10 meters), with moderate vehicle mangling occurring. An IF3 rating could also be arrived at through structural analysis or the tree damage produced by the tornado.

VHC | DOD4 → IF3 – 290 km/h

[15]

Kiuruvesi, Pohjois-Savo, Finland F4

July 11, 1934

Revised Rating: IF2.5 – 250 km/h

DI Description: Multiple roofs from masonry-style structures were lofted and carried significant distances, with one such roof being thrown ~3 km.

BRC | DOD2 → IF2.5 250 km/h

[16]

Kulli, Harju, Estonia F4

May 22, 1872

Revised Rating: IF3 – 290 km/h

DI Description: Multiple structures sustained significant damage or were completely leveled. One such leveled structure was a church, which was likely composed of unreinforced, load-bearing masonry.

BSC | DOD2 → IF3 290 km/h