Can I control the size of dither dots independent of the resolution?

Part of my job is preparing artwork for color separations. One technique I use a lot is color indexing using dither for color gradients.

For a normal screen print, a resolution of 200ppi gives us a dot size that is great for printing. I have a request from a designer to index the gradient but give it back to them at a high resolution so they can change colors and preview it before production.

Is there a way to setup a dither at the lower resolution, then somehow upscale it and have photoshop keep the dither dot relative? I know I can index it at the higher res but that makes individual dots too small to capture on the mesh.

Is there a technique to control the dither dots independent of the resolution in vanilla photoshop ( no plugins )? I am thinking no.