Are any authors of the New testament plausibly universalist?

I have been reading about universalism recently. I found plenty of good philosophical stuff on both sides, but I'm having a harder time finding biblical scholarship that I like.

I'm interested in finding good biblical scholarship that explores what the likely views of various New testament authors would have been on hell and limited salvation versus universalism. In particular, I'm hoping to find some papers or books that approach this as a historical question without assuming that all the New testament books will agree with one another or that any given author can never contradict himself. Something that discusses first century Jewish and pagan views on the afterlife and how they may have influenced the New testament authors would be especially nice. I'm particularly interested in Paul and the Gospels.

I'm sure there's lots written on this, but unfortunately when I Google "hell in the Bible" or "universalism in the Bible" I mostly get stuff that's pretty polemical and often coming from a very conservative point of view.

Thanks in advance for any recommendations!

Posted Mar 6, 2026, 9:47 PM UTC

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