Remove bugged registries in Open with/Select an app to open this dialog?

Current OS version: 25H2

Example screenshot. Some said that the best way is to remove using the uninstaller of the relevant program and then reinstall them. But it's not a really universal way to remove entries - various FOSS programs are run as small executables so they don't have dedicated uninstallers, for example.

https://preview.redd.it/3jhgf37hnyog1.png?width=454&format=png&auto=webp&s=cff357ea0655a19e71aa554f91258414b6356d53