Real-time noise monitoring vs. theoretical models: How is your country handling rail noise?

I’ve been looking into the methodology behind noise impact assessments for railway operations and construction, and it seems like we are still relying heavily on theoretical noise modeling rather than actual, continuous real-time data.

In many places, planners use predictive models to forecast noise levels (dB), but these often fail to account for the real-world reality of "noise spikes"—the sharp, sudden peaks from wheel squeal, braking, or maintenance work that can be incredibly disruptive to local residents, even if the "average" (Leq) stays within legal limits.

I’m curious how this is handled in your respective countries:

1. Continuous Monitoring: Are there mandatory requirements for real-time, 24/7 noise monitoring sensors installed in residential areas along high-traffic corridors, or is it still based on periodic, theoretical calculations?
2. Construction/Maintenance: When rail work is being done, do contractors provide real-time noise dashboards, or are they also just operating under "assumed" noise compliance?
3. The "Spike" Problem: Has anyone seen legislation or local initiatives that actually target peak noise events (short-duration spikes) rather than just looking at the long-term averages?

It feels like we have the technology (low-cost IoT sensors) to provide real-time transparency, yet the industry seems stuck on outdated modeling. Is this just a local issue, or is the global rail industry still largely operating on "theoretical compliance"?

Would love to hear from those working in the industry or living in areas with advanced monitoring systems.