Psychology is a pseudoscience

Here are some arguments advanced by critics of psychology to support their claim that psychology is a pseudoscience:

1. Psychology is different from the sciences because psychology studies human kinds, not natural kinds. Unlike natural kinds, human kinds can reflect on their class membership and change their behavior in response. Therefore, there is a looping effect in psychology and observations are not independent of theory.

2. Unlike other sciences, there are no genuine measurements of the phenomena of interest in psychology (because mental states are not directly observable). Measurement is fundamental to science because it standardizes observation. Without measurement, psychology lacks a precondition for scientific theorizing.

3. Some psychological theories are unfalsifiable (no observable event would prove them to be false). Freud is singled out by Popper as introducing unfalsifiable theories. If you think falsifiability is a necessary condition of a scientific theory, then some psychological theories do not qualify as a science.

4. Replication crisis: most results published in psychology cannot be replicated in a second study. Replicability of experimental results is an essential feature of the scientific method. This suggests that there is something wrong with the methodology or the interpretation of results in psychology that must be reckoned with.

To directly engage with critics of psychology, these points must be addressed.