One practical question comes up whenever quantum computing and crypto security are discussed:

**Will the hardware wallet you own today still be capable of running post-quantum signature algorithms in the future?**

We wanted to answer that question with real hardware rather than specifications alone.



In August 2026, we built an internal test firmware and ran two NIST-standardized post-quantum digital signature algorithms directly on a Keystone 3 Pro:

* **ML-DSA-44: \~45 ms per signature**
* **SLH-DSA-SHA2-128s: \~36.6 seconds per signature after software optimization**

Both algorithms successfully ran on the existing Keystone 3 Pro MCU and generated valid signatures.



# Can Keystone 3 Pro run post-quantum signatures?

Based on this test, **yes**.

The existing hardware has enough computational capability to run both ML-DSA-44 and SLH-DSA-SHA2-128s.

The performance difference between the two is significant. ML-DSA-44 completes a signature in tens of milliseconds, while SLH-DSA requires much more computation and takes tens of seconds.

But both can run on the hardware we already ship today.



# Does this mean Keystone 3 Pro is already quantum-resistant?

No.

This test only answers a narrower question: **can the existing hardware perform the computation required by these post-quantum signature algorithms?**

Turning that into a production hardware-wallet feature involves much more than raw signing speed.

A real implementation would also need to consider secure key storage, Secure Element integration, resistance to physical attacks, memory usage, transaction formats, QR data transfer, and the specific requirements of each blockchain.

Most importantly, hardware-wallet manufacturers do not decide which signature scheme Bitcoin, Ethereum, or other blockchains will ultimately use.

The algorithms supported by wallets will need to follow the post-quantum upgrade paths adopted by those networks.



# Will current Keystone hardware become obsolete because of post-quantum signatures?

That is the question this experiment was really designed to explore.

Based on the two NIST-standardized algorithms we tested, **computational performance itself does not appear to be a major barrier for Keystone 3 Pro.**

If blockchains eventually adopt post-quantum signature schemes similar to ML-DSA or SLH-DSA, the existing hardware already has the computational foundation needed to support that kind of upgrade.

So users shouldn’t assume that the arrival of post-quantum signatures will automatically make today’s Keystone hardware obsolete.



# What this test does / doesn’t show

This was an internal hardware capability test, not an announcement of post-quantum transaction signing support.

The test used temporary test keys and internal firmware. It did not access users’ seed phrases, wallet private keys, or the production key-protection flow used by Keystone.

Its purpose was much simpler:

**Can the Keystone 3 Pro hardware we have today actually run modern post-quantum signature algorithms?**

For ML-DSA-44 and SLH-DSA-SHA2-128s, the answer is yes.

Can Keystone 3 Pro Run Post-Quantum Signatures? ML-DSA-44 and SLH-DSA Test Results