Sources:  
\[\^1\]: Judith Jarvis Thomson, \*A Defense of Abortion\*, 1 Phil. & Pub. Aff. 47, 48–56 (1971).  
\[\^2\]: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.  
\[\^3\]: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Org., 597 U.S. 215 (2022) (finding 28 of 37 states had criminalized abortion at all stages of pregnancy by 1868, with all but one of the remaining nine states following by 1910).  
\[\^4\]: Dobbs, 597 U.S. 215 (discussing Bracton, Coke, Hale, and Blackstone's treatment of abortion as unlawful at common law).  
\[\^5\]: Joshua J. Craddock, \*Protecting Prenatal Persons: Does the Fourteenth Amendment Prohibit Abortion?\*, 40 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 539 (2017).  
\[\^6\]: Human Life Bill: Hearings on S. 158 Before the Subcomm. on Separation of Powers of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 97th Cong. (1981).  
\[\^7\]: Cal. Penal Code § 187(a).  
\[\^8\]: People v. Taylor, 32 Cal. 4th 863, 868 (2004).  
\[\^9\]: \*Id.\* (analogizing to People v. Watson, 30 Cal. 3d 290 (1981)).  
\[\^10\]: Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004, 18 U.S.C. § 1841(a), (d).  
\[\^11\]: 18 U.S.C. § 1841(c); Cal. Penal Code § 187(b)(1)–(3).  
\[\^12\]: See generally Cruzan v. Dir., Mo. Dep't of Health, 497 U.S. 261 (1990).  
\[\^13\]: United States v. Peterson, 483 F.2d 1222, 1231 (D.C. Cir. 1973).  
\[\^14\]: See George P. Fletcher, \*Rethinking Criminal Law\* § 10.5 (1978).  
\[\^15\]: See Model Penal Code § 3.02(2) (Am. L. Inst. 1985); Commonwealth v. Hood, 452 N.E.2d 188, 196 (Mass. 1983).  
\[\^16\]: Restatement (Second) of Torts § 321 (Am. L. Inst. 1965).  
\[\^17\]: Jones v. United States, 308 F.2d 307, 310 (D.C. Cir. 1962).  
\[\^18\]: People v. Beardsley, 113 N.W. 1128, 1129 (Mich. 1907).  
\[\^19\]: McFall v. Shimp, 10 Pa. D. & C.3d 90 (C.P. Allegheny Cnty. 1978).  
\[\^20\]: \*Id.\* at 91–92.  
\[\^21\]: See, e.g., David Boonin, \*A Defense of Abortion\* 133–88 (2002).  
\[\^22\]: See, e.g., Miller v. Greater Se. Cmty. Hosp., 508 A.2d 927 (D.C. 1986) (setting out the elements of physician abandonment: an established relationship, continuing medical necessity, unilateral termination, and lack of reasonable notice); Ricks v. Budge, 64 P.2d 208 (Utah 1937) (holding a physician liable for unilaterally withdrawing from a case while treatment remained necessary, despite having no obligation to have undertaken the case at all).  
\[\^23\]: Peterson, 483 F.2d at 1231.  
\[\^24\]: DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 195–97 (1989).  
\[\^25\]: \*Id.\* at 201.  
\[\^26\]: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.  
\[\^27\]: Boonin, \*supra\* note 21, at 133–88.  
\[\^28\]: Ronald Dworkin, \*Life's Dominion: An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom\* 11–29 (1993).  
\[\^29\]: See, e.g., Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 262.302 (West) (Infant Safe Haven provisions permitting emergency surrender of an infant as an alternative to abandonment).  
\[\^30\]: Ron Paul, \*The Revolution: A Manifesto\* 60 (2008) (arguing that Congress should use its Article III power to strip federal courts of jurisdiction over abortion, leaving the question to the states).  
\[\^31\]: See The New American, \*Ron Paul: Consistently Pro-Life and Pro-Liberty\* (2011) (quoting Paul's view that a state-level responsibility to restrain violence against any human being follows from his constitutional position, and that he supports a constitutional amendment establishing that life begins at conception).  
\[\^32\]: Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 369 (1886).  
\[\^33\]: John Finnis, \*Abortion Is Unconstitutional\*, First Things (Apr. 2021).  
\[\^34\]: Michael Stokes Paulsen, \*The Plausibility of Personhood\*, 74 Ohio St. L.J. 13 (2013).  
\[\^35\]: See Ed Whelan, \*Bench Memos\*, National Review (responding to Finnis and Craddock and defending the traditional originalist view that the Fourteenth Amendment is silent on abortion).  
\[\^36\]: Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, 14 Q.B.D. 273 (1884).  
\[\^37\]: See Model Penal Code § 3.04(1)–(2) (Am. L. Inst. 1985) (restricting lethal self-defense and necessity to threats of death or serious bodily injury).  
\[\^38\]: Restatement (Second) of Torts § 321 (Am. L. Inst. 1965) (duty triggered by creation of an "unreasonable risk," the standard negligence formulation).  
\[\^39\]: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Practice Bulletin No. 200, \*Early Pregnancy Loss\* (2018) (finding approximately 50% of early pregnancy loss is attributable to fetal chromosomal abnormalities, with advanced maternal age and prior loss as the most commonly identified risk factors).  
\[\^40\]: Model Penal Code § 210.4 (Am. L. Inst. 1985) (defining negligent homicide as a killing committed with criminal negligence).  
\[\^41\]: Abraham Lincoln, Speech at Lewistown, Illinois (Aug. 17, 1858), \*in\* 2 The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln 546 (Roy P. Basler ed., 1953).

Created Peril and the Limits of Autonomy: Reexamining Abortion Through the Law of Causation and Dependency