Can distinctively different types of neurons or neural networks be found in intelligent brains?

I was thinking about consciousness and the ability to reason and thought that maybe evolution has created something distinct in human brains that is responsible for the perception of consciousness. My first thought was that maybe our brains have developed areas with neurons that comprise the equivalent of logic gates and feedback loops, which in turn allowed for the ability to reason and deduct, giving humans a distinct evolutionary advantage.

So, is there any evidence that some areas of our brains exhibit different architecture than those of less intelligent animals? Are there some types of neural networks that only humans have?