What items/masteries/runes benefit champs

I'm stuck in Bronze 3 and I've been trying my hardest to at least get to silver, and one of my biggest problems I think is itemization, runes and masteries. I can't look at a champ and say 'X masteries benefit this champ because...' or 'this rune page gives a great bonus to X champ'. A better example would be to say how Caitlyn thrives with runaans because it triples the passive speed and so on. But that's the only instance in which I can say 'this benefits that'.

What I want to know is how can I get technical with the game, such as look at a champion and say '12/18/0 masteries with a scaling rune page and these three items'. I feel that if I can start making builds myself it will help me to really get to grips with my combat capabilities and to also build the right way in a game. I also struggle in lane even when I'm playing a counter and I feel this ties in with my builds. I main Top and ADC, if that help with giving answer in any way!