What US government policies / laws have put African Americans at a disadvantage since the civil rights movement.

For the period from 1968 - 1997 (20 year limit), what policies / laws (Federal or State Gov.) have been enacted since (or were in place and continued) the civil rights movement that created an unfair advantage for white Americans or had a negative impact on African American (or other minority) communities. Specifically, I am interested in what specific mechanisms (gerrymandering? redlining?) are considered to have contributed to institutional racism in the US and what the impacts of those policies /laws has been .