How physical exercise prevents dementia - Choline might constitute a valid marker of the effects of aerobic exercise on brain metabolism and grey matter volume in older adults, finds a randomised controlled trial.

This is the best tl;dr I could make, original reduced by 97%. (I'm a bot)

Accordingly, regional GM volume has been used as an outcome measure in studies on the favourable effects of exercise on the brain structure in older people.

4, 16 We know of only two previous studies that have investigated the effects of a controlled aerobic exercise intervention on brain metabolism and GM volume; one in healthy young men17 and one in schizophrenic male patients.

18 To the best of our knowledge, no randomised controlled trial has been conducted so far to systematically investigate the effects of an individualised aerobic exercise programme on GM volume and brain metabolism in cognitively healthy older adults.

Materials and methodsDesign of the studyThis is a randomised controlled partially blinded two-armed trial, evaluating the effects of a 12-week individualised aerobic exercise programme on cerebral metabolism and GM volume in cognitively healthy older adults, in comparison to a waiting control group.

DiscussionExtending the findings of previous studies on young healthy subjects,17 and a mixed population of healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients,18 the present study shows effects of aerobic exercise on markers of brain metabolism in healthy older adults.

Structural resultsIn the present study, aerobic exercise did not lead to increased total grey matter volume, nor increases in grey matter volume in left or right hippocampus.

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