Judaism after Jesus

This is a topic I've been struggling with for 8 months now. After studying the New Testament and especially Paul I've come to wonder why Judaism still exists. This is a theory of mine and I would love to hear your thoughts on it.
Let me explain in a way too short summary:

​

The gospel was always universal. God promised to bless all people through Abraham. This however was a long-term plan which needed a short-term plan to succeed. The people of Israel were the short-term plan. The first covenant based on the law as identity markers. Throughout the course of Judaism there was always this anticipation of the Messiah which can be seen as the continuation of the long-term plan: A universal gospel. So Jesus came to earth as the Messiah to continue the long-term plan of making salvation available for everyone. Christianity arose and should have replaced Judaism in its entirety (?!) because the message of the NT is that ONLY those who believe in Jesus are saved. It would make sense to me than, if all Jews would see Jesus as their Messiah and believed in Him. Because God is now for all nations so Israel has no longer a special place with God because why would the people of Israel (Jews) be saved if they do not believe in Jesus?

This makes perfect sense to me. But when I visit Evangelical churches they often pray for the peace of Israel because they are the apple of God's eye. His chosen people. Like everyone in Israel will be saved no matter what?! And I sit there thinking: Why? They should still accept Jesus right?

I have been reading through the Bible and asking people about this and I have not found an satisfactory answer yet. What do you guys think?