First decent bike, want to maintain it from the start

Hey guys! Looking for some advice from people who know their stuff.

I guess a short intro is required.

I've been living in Japan for a few years now, and commuting to my job every day on junky sub 100/200 dollar bikes. Why you ask? Well, I need to renew my visa every year, and that temporary visitor feeling has put me off investing in a decent bike (I don't want to go through the hassle of trying to sell it off in a hurry and losing a huge chunk of change.) However, that all changed as the government finally gave me a 5-year extension. Now that I feel a little more permanent, I've bought a solid bike and want to look after it from the moment I pick it up (tonight after work).

So I guess my question is pretty straight forward. What are the key components of my new bicycle I should be checking, inspecting, and showing some TLC to. How often should I do this routine? weekly? monthly?

I've always tried to maintain my junk bikes. Cleaning up what I can visibly see, and scrubbing the chain before applying some fresh lube. Other than that though, I'm not sure what to look out for.

My new bike has disc brakes, 3 ring 24 speed, quick releases on everything it seems, aluminum frame. Please let me know if there are other important details I should mention.

Thank you for any help or advice you can offer!