Nomenclature

I've been teaching my friends the game, but I've been using unclear mahjong terminology and its making it hard for newbies to pick up the rules.. I'm looking for the community's help to find/make a well-defined glossary that is accurate across all/most rulesets (we play more than one ruleset). I'm sure a lot of the confusion is due to translation so Cantonese/Mandarin/Japanese terms are welcome.

1. Is it universally accepted that "terminal" means only 1 or 9 in a suit? I thought so, but then digging into the english translation of the 2014 MCR I found this:

3.4.16 Terminal Tiles

The Tiles at the ends of a suit (in other words the One and Nine of a suit) and the Honor Tiles.

But then the MCR is not 100% consistent with itself and has some translation issues. In the 2006 MCR it says this:

3.4.16 Terminal Tiles

The tiles at the ends of a suit, in other words the One and Nine of a suit. Terminals are occasionally treated as or played as honors.

Whats going on here?

2. As a corollary of 1), if "terminal" means only 1 and 9, is there a word that refers to both 1s, 9s, and honor tiles?

3. Is there a single term that refers to both pongs and kongs together? It would be useful to have such a term, especially for clarity in scoring tables.

4. Does the term "flower tiles" always refer to the 8 tiles (four gentlemen & four seasons) in the standard 144-tile set? Is it sometimes ambiguously used to refer to JUST the four gentlemen (as they are all typically portrayed as flowers). The MCR never uses the word Season but often I see the tiles referred to as "the flowers and seasons", even on wikipedia. What are the plum/orchid/chrysanthemum/bamboo tiles called in mandarin?

5. I have also seen the term "bonus tiles". Is that a synonym for Flower Tiles? Or is that conflated with animal or joker tiles?

6. Is there terminology for pong/kong/chow vs pong/kong/chow/pair? Again that would be a useful term to have for clarity. (For example in the MCR's All Types)

7. In english the term "hand" has two meanings, a) referring to the tiles/cards you are holding, b) "hand" referring to everything between building the wall and winning or drawing . Does that ambiguity exist in Mandarin/Cantonese/Japanese or is it clearer?

8. What are the terms for "all tiles you've kept including flowers", vs "all tiles you've kept except flowers" vs "all tiles you haven't melded"? I've seen the term "hand" used for all 3 of those.

9. Help me disambiguate these terms for both a hand and a set: open, closed, exposed, concealed, melded.

danke fam