CPU cache: Data is stored in the form of latches. Latches are composed of logic gates. Logic gates can be constructed using transistors.
DRAM: Each bit is composed of a single capacitor, which can be either charged or discharged. A connected transistor helps read/write to it.
SSD: Each 'cell' is a single floating gate mosfet, which contains an element(the floating gate) that is capacitively linked to the mosfet. The capacitance of the system defines the state of the cell, which could be, in the case of a TLC cell for example, one of 8 different values.
Magnetic storage: Data is stored by magnetising tiny regions of a magnetic material. A distinct 'north' or 'south' can mean one bit of data per 'region'.