MMR gains vs losses makes no sense

The RR change you receive after matches is not MMR - MMR stands for Match Making Rating and is an internal calculation number used by Riot. This explanation might be helpful:

What is MMR?
MMR (matchmaking rating) is an always hidden internal number Riot uses to match players together during games. It can be thought as your "weighted rank", where it is meant to encompass not only your rank but your variation from it due to loss streaks, win streaks, consistency, etc. Since the specifics are purposefully hidden and proprietary, the only information people can give you is inferences.
Here is an example. Normally, a Gold 1 game would try and make both sides have an average rank of Gold 1 with a rank deviation of maybe only a division or two for each player (this is how it would be done purely on visible rank). However, the system knows that team 1's first player is on a 10-game win streak of stomps. This means that even though they are ranked G1, they are most likely not truly G1. As a result, that player might be instead put in a low plat game to compensate for their "high MMR". If they win that game, the system receives confirmation that they are indeed ranked too low right now and rewards them with a high amount of RR change to help them climb faster.
Likewise, players on a loss streak might be an indication that their rank is inflated, and they need to demote faster to reach a rank where they consistently get 50% win rate. Having a loss streak gives you "bad MMR" and means you lose more RR per game (and gain less).
The goal of MMR is to expedite players to reach a rank where they are consistently winning and losing, rather than having to play the shear number of games necessary to reach your average rank from standard, unweighted games. This is why Smurfs who are placed low can very quickly rank up, and in some cases skip ranks in the process.
However, MMR can cause some confusion. There is no real way to know whether you have "good or bad" MMR except from trying to look at your recent losses and wins. As a result, receiving only +18 RR on a great win in your eyes might not make sense, even if the system sees the win as a fluke in an otherwise streak of losses that should not be rewarded. Not only that, but since every player has a different personal MMR, your G1 friend might win +25RR in the game he played with you while your own G1 account only won +19RR, even if you have the exact same combat stats.
If you’d like a fuller explanation of Elo rating systems, the original chess rating system that things like an MMR system are derived from, you can find it here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system

There’s a wide variety of things that typically go into ranking gains/losses. Your screenshot only shows two matches, and it looks like you were on the verge of promotion there. It does suck, and I sincerely hope that this is not a long-term trend that you end up experiencing. It does really feel like a kick in the groin when you only gain 20 for a 10-2 win, but then lose 30 for a 10-13 loss....

Play a few more games and send another screenshot if this continues.

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