Spell mastery system(?)

I was wondering, as I am new to the d&d scene and how its magic system works. I have a basic understanding, however I have a big question. Is it possible within any of the editions to have complete or partial mastery over casting specific spells? In a sense that, say you cast magic missile a lot or practice it on a regular basis, would that give you the ability to cast it without consuming a spell slot, or at a higher strength without using a higher level spell slot. And a lot of the other fine print bits involving the subject. Like say its effective range getting higher, additional effects being available for the spell, faster casting time, would the spell be castable as a cantrip and would that alter the spell in any way, etc. I did a couple quick searches, however I didn't come up with anything answering these questions. I think it'd be really cool if that were the case, however my grasp on the magic system isn't good enough to answer these questions myself. Can any of you help explain it to me?

Edit: Thank you all, my only question now is, why only wizards? I'd think that other magic heavy classes like a cleric would be able to do something similar as well?