"no-logs" is marketing until it's tested in court. the actual checklist in 2026.

IPVanish claimed no-logs. handed FBI connection records in 2016. court documents confirmed it.

what actually matters : independent audit with raw findings published, not a summary. warrant canary active. jurisdiction outside 5/9/14 eyes — and watch Switzerland right now, that status is under active review. ownership structure — Kape owns ExpressVPN, CyberGhost and PIA. one audit in 2019 means nothing in 2026.