This post explores the symmetry between Darkness and Light.

What is the Dark?

"'What is the Dark?' they ask. 'What is its nature?' Why don't they ask the same of the Light? Light or Dark — nothing changes. Everything dies." — The Emissary of the Nine

I want to talk more generally about the symmetry between the Light and the Darkness as well as how this might lend to the nature of the Darkness itself. I will be touching on concepts I have covered before but will attempt to consolidate some of these ideas with regards to this symmetry.

I have talked on a few posts about how Stasis operates in the opposite manner to Solar. I have noticed some who believe this theory is based purely on the fact that Stasis is cold and Solar is hot. Or that the colors are opposite. While these ideas may have led to the theory, these were purely circumstantial to the real evidence — namely that Clovis Bray literally confirmed the symmetry between the Darkness and the Light.

The Symmetry

"To have Light, we must have Dark. This is the symmetry of the Universe." — Ulan-Tan

We see confirmation of this symmetry in the Mysterious Logbook that Clovis Bray wrote.

To paraphrase Clovis:

Clarity violates established symmetries and conservation laws.

Symmetry and conservation are two sides of the same coin.

But Clarity is NOT always symmetrical. For example, it violates time reversibility.

This is the application of Clarity to state A to produce a lower-entropy state B.

Clarity is fond of removing portions of a state configuration, harrowing the phase space down to only its most robust inhabitants.

Time symmetry suggests that we should be able to run this process in reverse and retrieve the original.

But in fact, Clarity's effects cannot be used to return a transformed state to its original state.

Now the fact that Clovis mentions T-Symmetry or time reversal symmetry is important.

Time reversal essentially means a system looks the same if you reverse the flow of time. Clovis uses the example of the mixed drink to explain this. Whether you play the physics forward or backward in time its always the same. It goes from unmixed state to mixed state to unmixed state. The effects of Clarity however do not look the same in reverse.

Do you know what else violates time reversal symmetry?

Entropy

"Our universe gutters down towards cold entropy. Life is an engine that burns up energy and produces decay. Life builds selfish, stupid rules — morality is one of them, and the sanctity of life is another." — The Weakness Verse

In our universe, entropy is always increasing. This is the inescapable second law of thermodynamic which states

The state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time.

The second law also states that the changes in the entropy in the universe can never be negative.

Now wherever there is energy, there will be entropy. The more energy in a system, the more chance there is that some of that energy will be wasted in something not useful to the system. The more chaos and disorder there is in the system.

And since Light is a paracausal source of energy we understand Light to increase entropy.

Now you're probably wondering why I am mentioning this again as I have talked about this before. But I have only talked about it in terms of the application of Stasis. But it's important to note that Clovis wasn't conducting his experiments using Stasis, but rather Clarity — the energies of Darkness itself.

Dark Entropy

"Observe the beauty of the highest symmetry: all reality unfolded from a single underlying law." — Extropy Morph

So it's not only Stasis that reduces entropy, but Clarity which is the paracausal energy of the Darkness as a whole. Stasis is simply an aspect of the Darkness that reduces entropy thermodynamically. But what is important here is that we can observe a direct symmetry between the Light and the Darkness.

With the Light, the state of entropy in an isolated system, will always increase over time.

Since Light is in all things we understand this to be the dominant pattern of our universe. However,

With the Darkness, the state of entropy in an isolated system, will always decrease over time.

The Light gives. The Darkness takes.

So what happens when we put the two together?

Duality

—look around. You see light. You see darkness. There could not be one without the other. They are two sides of the same coin. If it is true for these Newtonian echoes, why would it not be true of the purest, paracausal forms? — Ulan-Tan

The Darkness (as we observed with Clarity) and the Light when seen together as part of the same system obey time reversal symmetry. The Light irreversibly increases entropy and the Darkness irreversibly reduces entropy. Put the two together and it satisfies T-symmetry.

So if the Light and the Darkness are entropic forces that together obey time reversal symmetry than we can understand its manifestations to follow the same pattern. We observe this with Solar and Stasis.

When Solar energy is applied to a substance it gains heat and radiates light in the increase in entropy. When Stasis energy is applied it essentially a reverse montage of the effects of Solar, the substance is reduced to a colder low entropy state.

Together they represent a T-symmetric axis when acting thermodynamically on a system.

So if a symmetry can be seen between the Light and the Darkness, perhaps this can be used to understand the true nature of the Darkness?

In order to answer that, lets first reconsider what the Light is.

What is the Light?

"The Light lives in all places, in all things. You can block it, even try to trap it, but the Light will find its way." — The Speaker

Now I have written about this previously, but it's important that we refresh our memory before we can understand the true nature of the Darkness and it's relationship to the Light.

The Light is essentially a paracausal source of energy. An effect with no discernible cause. Paracausality aside however, it is still just energy. And similarly, energy is everywhere in our universe and it makes up all things.

Most energy we experience can be defined by Solar and Arc. Energy is carried by quanta, and we experience this as radiant light or warm heat. Concentrate enough energy and you can bind it together to form complex matter.

But beneath the world of light and matter lies the dark energies of the vacuum. From this we understand Void Light.

We also know that the Void was the cradle of creation, a place full of power from where all things including the Traveler itself emerged.

"The Traveler came out of the void that surrounds all things. Thus we know that the void is full of power." — Voidwalker

All things began in the Void. All things return to the Void. Thus understanding the Void may be the key to understanding the very nature of the Darkness itself. Void Light after all represents only one half of a T-symmetric duality.

The Light only gives.

The Void

"The Void is not only the absence of Light, but Dark." — Apotheosis Veil

Now I covered this quite extensively in my last post, but the Void is essentially using paracausal energy in order to create and manipulate a vacuum instability.

While Void Light may be associated with absence, negation and subtraction, Void Light only achieves this by proxy of giving. It makes a positive contribution of energy into the vacuum which paradoxically causes the energy density of the vacuum to drop to lower than it was before (an extension of the Casimir effect). It also explains why Void is mistaken as being Darkness.

An example is a wealthy benefactor filling up a poor shopaholics bank account with money. By filling up his bank account it increases the temptation and likelihood of the shopaholic going on a spending spree. The unfortunate side-effect of "giving" the shopaholic money is that they may end up poorer than they were before.

So if Void Light is a wealthy benefactor, then the anti-Void should be it's T-symmetric opposite — a blatant thief that robs the bank. This power will only be able to "take" energy away, reducing entropy.

Now in my Void post I mentioned that void energy was likely a form of dark energy that had dynamic quintessence-like behaviour as opposed to the static cosmological constant. What I didn't mention however was that the behaviour of dark energy is defined by a symmetrical spectrum known as the Quintom Scenario.

The Quintom Scenario

"Filaments of galactic supercluster shine in the clouds of invisible dark matter, which glue their mass together. Dark energy yawns in the space between all things, ever-growing, ever-spreading." — YOU MUST

Now dark energy is not to be confused with Darkness energy.

Dark energy, like dark matter, is invisible to us and only observable by it's effects on our universe. It emerged as a way to explain why our universe is accelerating which is something the gravitational effects of matter cannot . Eva Levante uses the term "Secret Light" to describe it.

Now interestingly, the behavior of Dark Energy can be explained in two ways depending on the pressure-to-density ratio of the vacuum. A symmetry exists. The midpoint is -1 and this is the default state of the vacuum defined by cosmological constant.

If the ratio is greater than -1 it is said to have quintessence-like behaviour. The ratio can even be greater than 0 and this is why quintessence is a dynamic force with push/pull effects. This behaviour explains the effects of Void Light.

But if the ratio is less than -1, dark energy has phantom-like behaviour. Together, this symmetry with quintessence is understood as the Quintom scenario. Since phantom-like behaviour is reducing energy density of the vacuum as well as the zero-point fields in ordinary matter, it means we will likely see exotic effects that go beyond what Void is capable of.

Now I have talked about Phantom Energy in a previous post and how it might cause Big Rips and hostile false vacuums, things that could explain Darkness related anomalies seen in game. But if this phantom-like behavior of dark energy can be associated with the Darkness, it raises an important dilemma.

If energy increases entropy, and the Darkness reduces it — can the Darkness even be considered to be a source of paracausal energy?

To add to this dilemma, looking through the lore showed several clear examples of the Darkness being referred to as energy.

Pyrrhic Ascent Bond — "Shayura tries to let out a scream, but her lungs flash-freeze, and crystals of Stasis energy encrust her body."

The Drifter — The Stasis Prototype — "The one thing the Fallen haven't worked out yet is how to stabilize the Stasis energy."

Chapter 9: The Return — "The Darkness energy Eris manipulates canvases the landscape and makes its way to the sky. I see the Traveler, getting brighter as the Darkness encapsulates it."

We also see it in direct relation to the Pyramid itself.

Pyramid Energy

"The energies of the Pyramid were those of creation—not of life, per se, but something other. Chaos and negation and the raw things that existed in the spaces between thought and fear." — Heretic

The answer to this dilemma came to me whilst looking a little deeper into phantom energy. While this form of dark energy did indeed reflect quintessence in perfect symmetry, it had one attribute that quintessence did not have.

Phantom energy is said to possess negative kinetic energy.

This was the missing piece of the puzzle. If phantom energy was associated with negative energy then it would also be associated with exotic matter that had negative mass. Indeed this is one of the reasons phantom-like behavior of negative energy is often dismissed.

The idea of phantom energy is often dismissed, as it would suggest that the vacuum is unstable with negative mass particles bursting into existence. The concept is hence tied to emerging theories of a continuously-created negative mass dark fluid, in which the cosmological constant can vary as a function of time.

"Dark Fluid" is an interesting theory that stems from phantom energy that explains both dark matter and dark energy phenomena as ultimately coming from the swirling behavior of continuously created "negative mass".

It also bears striking similarity to some of the more direct effects and concepts that we have witnessed so far of Darkness (images in the links).

What's also very interesting is that if negative mass exists it will also have negative gravitational effects by compensating spacetime curvature induced by positive matter. But even more importantly, it raised the possibility that if phantom energy was a form of negative energy — perhaps this definition could be extended to the energy of Darkness itself.

Before we consider this lets first understand more about the concept of negative energy.

Negative Energy

"The reason you persecute me is not because of the symmetry. It's because of the truth beyond this truth, the truth which you most dread: if we could destroy darkness, but we had to give up our Light to do so, how many of us would make that trade?" — Ulan-Tan

What is negative energy?

We always think of energy as only ever being positive or zero. Negative energy however is often used to explain the nature of certain fields, including the gravitational field and phenomena surrounding the quantum vacuum. Gravity for instance has negative potential energy. The Casimir effect, as mentioned in my last post is able to create a region of the vacuum with negative energy density.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created, nor destroyed. But if 100 joules of energy and 100 joules of negative energy could be directed towards a substance — the entropic effects of the two should be in reverse and thus cancel each other out.

Now this is me theorizing, but is it possible that the Darkness as a whole may be a form of paracausal "negative energy" which reverses the effects caused by the Light in perfect symmetry? If it could potentially explain Void Lights negative — could it also hold true for the Darkness more generally?

As it turns out, time reversal is the most natural symmetry to provide the link between positive and negative energy fields.

Some theories, such as the Zero-energy universe take this concept even further to suggest that

...the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero: its amount of positive energy in the form of matter is exactly cancelled out by its negative energy in the form of gravity.

But as it turns out, negative energy plays a very important role in our universe. If the symmetry between positive and negative energy was ever broken it's effects would be catastrophic.

Ultraviolet Catastrophe

"A point of pure white shines in the cosmic distance. Not just visible luminance but light in the radio bands, in microwave, keening ultraviolet, a spike of gamma, a total and all-embracing radiation. Mara understands how those who die in radiation accidents must feel. She feels her soul itself has been ionized, blasted into a higher energy state." — Cosmogyre IV

Without the existence of negative energy it leaves nothing to compensate the positive contributions to the zero-point energy of the vacuum. An asymmetry would cause what's known as a "vacuum divergence". It's effect would be catastrophic.

It would destabilize the vacuum leading to the so called "ultraviolet catastrophe". This form of vacuum divergence would mean that as more positive energy is put into the system it's radiance would cascade exponentially, ultimately leading to universe filled with blinding hot radiation.

Thankfully this catastrophe has never happened. Instead, as a body gains energy it's radiance only increases up to a point and drops once it reaches the ultra-violet spectrum. The higher the energy input, the sharper the drop.

This is the reason why our sun, as hot as it is, bathes our planet in warm white light that might occasionally give us sunburn instead of blasting us with gamma radiation. We have negative energy to thank for that. For every contribution of energy to the quantum fields, there is an exact opposite contribution interfering destructively.

To understand such power, remember that when we use our Void abilities we are actually creating a controlled vacuum instability. We also see a localized ultraviolet catastrophe in the effects of Solar Light. Solar grenades and Wells of Radiance are momentary glimpses of the Light in its full spectrum. Sunsingers can even use this super-radiance to "pluck themselves out of nothingness like the phoenix of ancient myth".

If ultra-radiance is a consequence of a universe with two much positive energy, what is the consequence of one with too much negative energy?

The Big Rip

"'I remember the day I was born,' she says. 'Do you, Brother?' He flinches from her eyes. He remembers Yang Liwei and the tether into darkness. He remembers how gravity stretched them into agonized ribbons of flesh." — Heresiology

Well equally bad things can happen when we go the other way.

You see the balance between positive and negative energy is what keeps spacetime flat and it's energy density constant. Since gravity is a consequence of curvature in spacetime, an increase in negative energy would also destabilize the vacuum causing it to decay and produce catastrophic gravitational anomalies.

In fact, vacuum divergences are only a concern once gravity comes into the game. This is because any energy density source will affect the gravitational metric. To prevent vacuum divergences from occurring, the positive and negative energy worlds must be maximally gravitationally coupled in such a way as to produce exact cancellation.

If there is a vacuum divergence of this nature, it could potentially generate incredibly powerful gravitational waves.

Dark Gravity

"Gravity is the weakest force, yet it chooses the shape of the universe. Thus, subtlety triumphs." — Extropy Morph

As mentioned previously, Gravity always has a negative potential energy.

This is easily explained by the fact that a rocket ship in the Cosmodrome has to do work (i.e put in energy) in order to break free of the gravitational influence of Earth. And after it has broken free of earths atmosphere and orbit, it will still feel the pull of Earth. But eventually the gravitational force of Earth acting on the rocketship will be effectively zero.

Since energy and work had to be put into the rocket in order to get the gravitational force to zero, we can understand that gravitational potential energy is negative.

Now in the case of phantom energy as discussed earlier, it has negative kinetic energy. If we extend this to the Darkness as a whole it could explain some things.

If this negative kinetic energy is strong enough it could be responsible for a field producing strong oscillating gravitational waves as it tugs on the fabric of spacetime. In fact, it could signify a kind of binary gravity known as bimetric gravity.

Bimetric gravity is theorized to arise from two parallel universes (one with positive mass matter and the other with negative mass matter) with an opposite arrow of time (t-symmetrical entropy) linked together by the Big Bang and interacting only through gravitation.

So what does this all mean?

Dark Tidings

"Do you sense the gravity here, Guardian? A sullen pit that sinks to spoil. The Pyramids bring entropy, and we will restore order." — Eris Morn

While this remains speculative, it could explain why every single encounter with the Darkness is followed by intense gravitational waves, sterile neutrino scatter (a particle that only interacts with gravity) and phaeton strikes (dark photons i.e carriers of dark light).

First detection by Rasputin,

"Event footprint includes sterile neutrino scattering and gravity waves."

On Kraken Mare,

"We are experiencing massive tidal forces of unknown origin. Our physics cluster detects mass growl, phaeton strikes, and sterile neutrino scattering. Possible origins include a compact dark matter object, a lambda-field influence, or a polarized gravity device."

On Yang Liwei,

"Can you feel that growl? We're experiencing high-frequency, high-amplitude gravity waves. Phaeton strikes. Axions decaying through the hull. Sterile neutrinos.

The Dreadnaught,

"Target emitting sterile neutrinos, phaeton spectra, and mass growl. Major radiation events include gravity waves and axion scatter. Techeun conclusion: target possesses radical ontomorphic capabilities"

And we also get descriptions of Darkness as exhibiting a form of negative light.

The Taken,

"My Hidden tell me that the Taken shine with seething, negative light. As if the universe is curling up around them. As if they radiate some pathology that decays into our world as nothingness..."

The Oversoul

"The light of the will of Crota shines down like a vast and inverse sun."

"The shadow of the will of Crota burns like the deepest winter, hopeless and without end."

Even the effect of the field around the statues and the artifact may be telling.

The Artifact & Clarity Control

"We have reports coming in from Clarity Control. They're dead. All of them." "And they all came in physical contact with it?" "No, some were merely within proximity." — Clarity Control Exposure

One of the first times the Darkness' effects are experienced is in the K1 Artifact as it emitted it's signal. The Shadow Keep Collectors journal mentions what actually likely happens in paracausal terms.

"...a plausible relationship under another conceivable system of cause and effect (such as coded axion emissions from the anomaly and spontaneous decay of stable nuclei in the cladding.) Theorized mechanism threatens containment."

As it's cryptic messages were relayed via dark matter emissions it also produced a noticeable and corrupting force around it. This corruption led to the forced radioactive decay of stable matter within the walls of it's containment. It was one of the reasons it had to be sealed away in the Anomaly but it was too little too late. The crew had already begun to experience insomnia, nightmares and gradual insanity due to the degradational effects of the artifact.

This was nothing compared to Clarity Control however. 19 casualties were reported just trying to move her.

When we witness the Darkness statue in the Garden of Salvation we notice the the foliage seems to grow around some impermeable force field. Special light sensitive proteins in plants cause the stems to bend in the direction of light and energy. It's why you will see a plant bend towards the light if it's put in a dark box with a small opening.

We also witness a similar spherical effect around Clarity Control. In this instance the ice stalactites that normally form under the influence of gravity and cold temperatures, have formed in a spherical form around Clarity Control as if repulsed by some invisible gravitational field.

It would make sense that where the Light inputs energy into a system, the Darkness inputs negative energy — and the latter reversing the former is why we observe the Darkness to "take".

We may get further evidence of this behavior when Clovis first finds Clarity Control.

"Omnibus analysis of spallation products in the ice suggest recent x-ray bombardment, characteristic of the decay of a Majorana-massive light sterile neutrino. These neutrinos are associated with the lambda field and the expansion of the early universe. So a blast of dark neutrinos struck this particular province of Europan chaos." — Clovis on Clarity Control

Now what is the importance of the Majorana-massive light sterile neutrino?

Well it may explain something very important — namely why matter exists at all.

Broken Symmetry

"Our trampling feet made waves in the garden, which were the fluctuations around which the infant universes coalesced their first structures — Symmetries snapped like glass."

When the Big Bang happened, matter and antimatter spontaneously burst into existence from the fluctuations in the quantum vacuum. Most of the matter and anti-matter annihilated each other into energy. But a small amount of matter (about one particle per billion) — managed to survive. This is what we see today. It's why the universe contains matter and not anti-matter.

Some unknown entity intervened in this process causing these "oscillating" particles to decay as matter more often than they decayed as antimatter.

Now the dominant thought to explain the absence of antimatter in nature is that we had an initially symmetrical universe made of matter and antimatter and that a dissymmetry would have sufficed for more matter having constituted our world than antimatter.

It's believed this dissymmetry arose from an anomaly in the number of neutrinos and would suggest the existence of a new type of neutrino.

The Majorana-massive light sterile neutrino if it existed would have caused that dissymmetry because being a Majorana neutrino is it's own anti-particle. Thus it would have led to the imbalance that allowed just a little bit of matter left to form our universe.

Clovis Bray speculates as much

" The particle involved—yet more evidence that Clarity is as old as time? The Alkahest that shaped the early universe…? "

But what does all this have to do with anything?

Sterile Neutrinos

"STATION HAZARDS: GRAVITATIONAL ANOMALY | STERILE NEUTRINO BURSTS | Please remain calm." — Aboard Caelus Station

Now admittedly this is still at the bleeding edge of my research into the true nature of the Darkness. But I believe that sterile neutrino scattering and the gravitational anomalies that typically precede them are the key to understanding the Darkness.

We know that sterile neutrinos only interact via gravity so it would make sense that they would scatter in the presence of a large gravitational force producing oscillating gravitational waves.

We also know that sterile neutrino effects are the hallmark of the Taken. In fact we know that their elemental composition is primarily composed of sterile neutrinos when compared to the low sterile neutrino count of counterfeit Taken produced by the Nine.

"These Primevals differ in their literal elemental composition: low SNC, high ambient ΛCDM." —Potential

We also learn a little bit more from their creation.

"The process is simple: an aperture opens, like a jaw, and swallows a living thing. It passes into — another place. Later, it returns. What returns is... I try to use the word ‘shadow’ but Eris hisses at me. A shadow is a flat projection cast by a light and an object. Less real. Eris insists that these Taken are more real, somehow. She uses words like inhabited, exalted, rendered final..."

So the Darkness is directly responsible in turning living beings into husks of sterile neutrinos by spiriting them away to another dimension.

We also know that Clarity Control itself was radiating a sterile neutrino with Majorana mass that just so happened to be responsible for the dissymmetry between matter and antimatter that led to our existence in the first place.

But what is the connection?

Well I believe that we may get our answer in what Clovis says upon noticing the identity of the particle.

"The particle involved—The Alkahest that shaped the early universe…?"

The Alkahest

"I believe that Clarity may be akin to the mythical universal solvent, the Alkahest, the Azoth, which ancient alchemists believed had the power to dissolve anything into its pure base elements." —Clovis Bray

We know that even the artifacts influence was capable of inducing spontaneous decay, simplifying matter. We know that "Taking" takes this beyond the elemental level to the subatomic level itself.

Is it possible that the very forces responsible for Taking were the same ones responsible for the creation of matter? Could it be that all it took was a little cosmic particle winnowing to produce everything we see around us?

Could the humble Majorana-massive light sterile neutrino be the result of complex energetic elemental particles being exposed to the Alkahest? Broken down into it's pure base elements?

Could primordial gravitational waves of negative energy have been the mechanism responsible for constraining a universe of complex positive energy and matter?

It seems all it took was just a touch of malice to cause our beautiful creation.

These questions are worthy of thought. But while it's important to consider how the Darkness might have began, it's also pertinent to see how it might end.

It Stared Back

"At the edge of the universe, I stared into the infinite deep. It stared back, and was pleased." — Calus

Calus may have witnessed the end of all things. What happens when Darkness snuffs out Light.

While exiled aboard the Leviathan, they hit the edge of space — an infinite void. Calus recounts:

The Leviathan came to a halt before a wall of infinite void. From the seat of my observation chamber, I stared into the perfect void.

Is this the edge of the universe? Space cannot have an end: it goes on forever. But a hole in forever would be a kind of edge... a flaw, a defect, a place outside place...

Calus would later don a pressure suit and go out into this perfect void. What did he witness?

Outside the ship, the Emperor looked over the edge of the universe, and saw nothing. That is, it wasn't that he saw nothing unusual, but he saw Nothing: the absence of light, dark, life, death, the absence of anything, even of absence itself.

And out of the Nothing, there came whispering in a dark language, which filled his head so loud that he forgot for a moment his own language, and suddenly the Nothingness dispersed to show Something, which was a fleet of foreign ships.

Could this be where the negative energies of the Darkness have perfectly reversed the effects of the Light returning that space to it's precosmic state? Leaving a perfect void of absolute nothingness in it's wake?

The ultimate form of winnowing?

Time will tell.

Conclusion

"Arc, Solar, Void: all manifestations of the Light. But how many ways might the Darkness manifest? Time will tell." —Eris Morn

Hopefully this post can help you to appreciate more generally the nature of the Light and the Darkness. There is indeed a symmetry and a duality between them. Two sides of the same coin so to speak. How this manifests, only time will tell as so far we have only witnessed Stasis in it's purest form.

But I believe that the Darkness exists not as the Lights opposite, but rather as its negative. Where the Light adds, the Darkness subtracts. In this truth I believe lies the true nature of the Darkness.

"You give nothing. Giving is for the Sky. You worship the Deep, which asks that we take what we need.” — Auryx to Akka

Even when the Darkness does seem to give, it always comes at a terrible cost. A debt that must be paid in kind as anyone who has wielded Touch of Malice or Ruinous Effigy can attest to. We currently wield Stasis with impunity. But at what cost. Can any of us truly say we have read the fine print?

TL;DR: The Light and the Darkness together obey time reversal symmetry as confirmed by Clovis Bray. Two sides of the same coin. This will likely extend to its manisfestations. I believe the Darkness may be a paracausal source of negative energy which reverses the effects of Travelers Light. This negative energy may explain Darkness related phenomena such as gravitational waves and sterile neutrino bursts. It may even have caused the cosmic winnowing that created the Majorana light sterile neutrino. This neutrino caused the dissymmetry between matter and antimatter in the early universe and ultimately led to our very existence.